63
朱元璋為茶殺駙馬
ZHU Yuanzhang Kills Son-in-low for Tea
明朝開國皇帝朱元璋(1328-1398年),出生于元末貧農之家,小時候為地主放過牛,后當過化緣和尚,受盡風餐露宿之苦,對官吏欺壓百姓的事感受很深。當了皇帝后,他曾告誡百官說:“我以前在民間時,見到州縣官吏多不愛民,往往貪財好色,飲酒廢事。凡民疾苦,視之漠然,我心里恨透了。如今要嚴立法禁,官吏凡是貪污蠹害百姓的,嚴懲不恕!
ZHU Yuanzhang (1328-1398), First Emperor of Ming Dynasty, came from a poor farmer family in late Yuan Dynasty. When he was a child, he pastured cattle for landlord. Afterwards, he became a monk begging for alms. After standing exposure, deprivation and hunger, he had deep feeling about the situation that common people were oppressed by government officials. After he became the emperor, he warned officials of all ranks and descriptions that when he was among the folk, he found that the government officials in prefectures and counties did not love people, but kept greedy and prurient. They were indifferent to the hardships of people, so he hated them to the utmost degree. Therefore, he set laws that officials would be severely punished if they corrupted and hurt common people.
在明朝以前,餅茶和散茶并存。而今天我們常用的沖泡飲茶方法起源于明代,推廣人就是朱元璋。據《萬歷野獲編》載,明初,各地進貢茶葉都沿宋代做法,制成大小不同的團狀,即所謂龍團。到洪武二十四年(1391年)九月,朱元璋認為這種做法浪費百姓的勞力下令停止龍團制作,“惟令采芽茶以進”,即直接進獻芽茶。而后廢蒸改炒,不斷改進,炒青制法日趨完美,現代制茶工藝大多在此基礎上發(fā)展起來。自然的散茶,清新淡雅,妙趣無窮。
Before Ming Dynasty, cake tea and loose tea coexisted. The tea brewing method that we usually adopt today originates from Ming Dynasty and promoter is ZHU Yuanzhang. According to Casual Literary Notes in Wanli Period, in the early of Ming Dynasty, the tribute of tea from each region followed the method in Song Dynasty, namely that the tea was made to be different shapes, which was also called as Longtuan. In September of 1391 (the 24th year of Hongwu), ZHU Yuanzhang thought that this method wasted the labor of common people, so he commanded to stop making Longtuan. On the contrary, he ordered to pay tribute of young tea leaves directly. Later, he abolished steaming and adopted frying. Through constant improvement, pan-fired production method was gradually perfect. Modern tea production craft is mostly developed on this basis. Natural loose tea is fresh and elegant with endless interest.
朱元璋的推廣,開我國千年茗飲之宗,客觀上把我國造茶法、品飲法推向一個新的歷史時期。然而這位皇帝為了茶政的清明,甚至殺了自己的女婿。
The promotion by ZHU Yuanzhang initiated the history of drinking tea in China. Objectively, he pushed the tea production method and tea drinking way in China to a new historic period. However, he even killed his son-in-low to ensure the fairness and purity of tea policy.
其時西北少數民族過著逐水草而居的游牧生活,與中原漢族人民的生活習慣大不相同。他們平日吃的大都是牛肉和羊肉。牛羊肉吃多了,很需要中原的茶葉。而明朝趕走元朝蒙古統(tǒng)治者后,為了加強北方的邊防,也很需要西北地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)馬。因此由朝廷組織了茶馬互市一一用中原的茶葉交換西北的戰(zhàn)馬。茶馬互市,對明朝和西北少數民族都很有利。
Actually, the minorities in the northwest regions lived nomadic life, namely that they often migrated to wherever water and grass were available, so their living habits were greatly different from those of Han people in Central Plains. They usually ate beef and mutton. After eating too much beef and mutton, they really needed tea from Central Plains. After Ming Dynasty drove away Mongolian governor of Yuan Dynasty, it also needed war horses in the northwest regions to reinforce the frontier defence in the north. Consequently, the court organized mutual trade between tea and horses, namely exchanging war horses in the northeast with tea in Central Plains. The mutual trade between tea and horses is beneficial to both Ming Dynasty and the minorities in the northwest regions.
為了防止茶馬互市出現混亂,互市一律由朝廷主持,不準私人插手。但是一些投機商人和不法官員,為了賺錢,不顧法律規(guī)定,搞起走私的勾當來。他們把茶葉偷運出境,用高價賣給少數民族,又偷運馬匹入境,高價在內地販賣。
To prevent the disorder of mutual trade between tea and horses, the trade was hosted by the court without being interfered privately. However, some speculators and illegal officials ignored legal provisions and smuggled goods to make money. They secretly transported the tea out of the country and sol them to the minorities at high price. Meanwhile, they secretly transported horses to the country and sold them in mainland at high price.
走私活動越來越厲害,朱元璋大為震怒,下了一道命令:禁止走私行為。如果有誰違反,就要從重處罰!誰不知道朱元璋的厲害?誰敢拿自己性命開玩笑?因此禁令一出,投機商人和不法官員都害怕了,不敢繼續(xù)作奸犯科。只有朱元璋的女婿歐陽倫,還是繼續(xù)大搞走私活動。人家偃旗息鼓,他歐陽倫卻正好抓住這個時機,擴大“業(yè)務”范圍,謀取更大利潤。
The smuggled situation became more serious, so ZHU Yuanzhang was furious and commanded that smuggling action was prohibited. Those violating this command would be severely punished! Who do not know the severity of ZHU Yuanzhang? Who dare to play a trick of own life? Immediately after the command was released, the speculators and illegal officials were afraid and stopped violating the law. But OUYANG Lun, the son-in-law of ZHU Yuanzhang, still continued smuggled action. Others ceased all actions, so OUYANG Lun just wanted to seize this opportunity to expand business scope and make more profits.
果然禁令下達不到兩個月的時間,歐陽倫就派管家周保,押了五輛滿載茶葉的大車,運往蘭州一帶販賣,打算將賣到的錢,換成戰(zhàn)馬帶回內地。一路上,關口的官員知道是駙馬的車隊,誰也不敢阻攔,因此車隊一直通行無阻。想不到車隊快到目的地,就在蘭州黃河大橋的橋頭,出了“岔子”。原來負責守橋的小官,是一個忠于職守不畏強權的人。車子一到,他立即下令停車檢查。他很快發(fā)現車上裝的全是禁運的私茶,便將車隊扣押,上報,等待處理。
As expected, when the command was released for less than two months, OUYANG Lun dispatched his steward ZHOU Bao to transport five carts of tea to sell in Lanzhou. He desired to transport war houses to mainland with earned money. Throughout the journey, all officials knew that it was transport team of emperor’s son-in-low and no one dared to impede, so the transport team went through without hindrance. Unexpectedly, when the transport team almost arrived the destination, it got into trouble on the bridge head of Yellow River Bridge in Lanzhou. The inferior officer guarding the bridge was a dedicated person being not fear of power. When the cart arrived, he promptly commanded to stop for examination. Soon, he found that the carts were full of private tea being forbidden to be transported, so he detained the transport team, submitted and waited for handling.
朱元璋收到奏章,得知有人公然違反禁令,販賣私茶。仔細看,違反禁令的不是別人,竟是自己的女婿歐陽倫。他派員經過調查核實后證明奏章上說的全是真話,不免為此感到為難。依法懲辦吧,歐陽倫就得殺頭。他一死,自己的女兒豈不成了寡婦?命運就悲慘了。不依法懲辦吧,朝廷的法規(guī)成了一紙空文,以后還有誰來秉公執(zhí)法,又怎么能使全國百姓服氣呢
When ZHU Yuanzhang received memorial to the emperor, he knew that someone violated the command openly and sold private tea. After seeing carefully, he found that it was his son-in-law violated the command. He dispatched official to make survey, the memorial was proved to be true, which made him feel awkward. If he punished according to law, OUYANG Lun should be decapitated. If OUYANG Lun was dead, his daughter would become widow and her fate would be miserable. If he did not punish according to law, the laws and regulations of court would be useless. Then no one would enforce laws impartially and national people would not be convinced.
經過一番權衡,朱元璋還是下令讓歐陽倫立即自殺,并專門派出使臣趕往蘭州,對那個嚴格執(zhí)法、不畏強暴的守橋的小官進行了嘉獎。
After consideration, ZHU Yuanzhang ordered OUYANG Lun to commit suicide immediately and specially dispatched envoy to go to Lanzhou to reward the inferior officer guarding the bridge, who strictly enforced law without fearing brutal force.
大明律法素以嚴苛著稱,朱元璋更是不論親疏,執(zhí)法如山。同時也可見茶馬互市直到明朝依然是朝廷極為重視的一項國策。
The laws in Ming Dynasty were famous for severity, and ZHU Yuanzhang enforced the law strictly despite the degree of intimacy. Besides, it could be also found that mutual trade between tea and horses was a national policy being extremely emphasized by court until Ming Dynasty.
作者介紹
潘城，浙江嘉興人。漢語國際推廣茶文化傳播基地副秘書長，浙江農林大學茶文化學院系副主任，杭州中國茶都品牌促進會副秘書長，茶空間設計師、茶藝術策展人、作家。師承茶文化學者、第五屆茅盾文學獎得主王旭烽教授，致力于茶文學藝術研究、茶文化藝術呈現以及茶文化國際傳播。曾主創(chuàng)大型茶文化舞臺藝術呈現《中國茶謠》，執(zhí)行導演大型茶文化話劇《六羨歌》等。赴意大利、塞爾維亞、俄羅斯等多國進行茶文化講學與交流。
About author
PAN Cheng, from Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Deputy secretary general of Chinese International Promotion of Tea Culture Transmission Base, deputy director of Faculty of Tea Culture in Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, deputy secretary general of Hangzhou Tea Brand Promotion Association, tea space designer, tea art curator and writer. His master is professor WANG Xufeng, tea culture scholar and winner of The 5th Mao Dun Literature Award, who devotes to research on tea literature and tea, artistic presentation of tea culture and international spread of tea culture. He once created large-scale artistic presentation of tea culture on stage Chinese Tea Ballad and acted as director of large-scale drama of tea culture Song with Six Admirations, etc. Besides, he has gone to many countries to give lectures and make communication about tea culture, including Italy, Serbia and Russia, etc.
編輯：潘一涵、歐志杰
Edit：PAN yihan、OU zhijie
